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HBOT AND SPORTS INJURIES
Role of Hyperbaric Oxygen in mild Sport injuries :
Many sports injuries involve strains and sprains, which naturally cause swelling and edema (accumulation of excess fluid in connective tissue).
These natural reactions to injury compress blood vessels and restrict the vital flow of oxygen-carrying plasma and red blood cells to the injury site.
Cells and tissues surrounding the injury site become starved for oxygen, which impedes healing.
In extreme cases, cell and tissue death can occur.
Mild hyperbaric oxygen therapy saturates the blood plasma and hemoglobin with oxygen. The red blood cells become more malleable as well, increasing their ability to penetrate restricted blood vessels. oxygen is thus able to reach the injury site so that cells can heal and the immune system can fully defend the body against harmful agents.
Healing time is reduced significantly, and athletes get back into play faster.
How Oxygen Therapy increases endurance and relieves fatigue?
By facilitating the production of glycogen, one of the main sources of muscle energy..
When insufficient oxygen is present to create ATP, the pyruvic acid becomes lactic acid. This lactic acid naturally diffuses to the bloodstream, where it is carried away. However, during intense exercise, the lactic acid cannot be removed quickly enough, and it collects in the muscle cells, causing fatigue..
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1. Provides greatly increased oxygen saturation throughout the body, allowing the body to get the oxygen it needs to create ATP for energy and flush out the lactic acid that causes muscle fatigue.
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2. The elevated oxygen levels help athletes increase performance and recover more quickly after a workout.
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3. Increased oxygen delivery to the brain facilitates brain function and enhances an athlete’s ability to make the split-second decisions that can make a difference in the outcome of the game.
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Three phases have been identified in sport injuries:
Oxygen has an important role in each of these phases
The Inflammatory phase
, the hypoxia-induced factor-1α, which promotes, for example, the glycolytic system, vascularization and angiogenesis, has been shown to be important. However, if the oxygen supply could be controlled without promoting blood flow, the blood vessel permeability could be controlled to reduce swelling and consequently the sharp pain that accompanies it.
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The Proliferative phase
In musculoskeletal tissues (except cartilage), the oxygen supply to the injured area is gradually raised and is essential for the synthesis of extracellular matrix components such as fibronectin and proteoglycan.
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The Remodeling phase.
Injured tissue is slowly replaced over many hours using the oxygen supply provided by the blood vessel already built into the organization of the musculoskeletal system, with the exception of the cartilage. If the damage is small, the tissue is recoverable with nearly perfect organization but, if the extent of the damage is large, a scar (consisting mainly of collagen) may replace tissue. Consequently, depending on the injury, this collagen will become deficiently hard or loose in the case of muscle or ligament repair, respectively.
THE 4 TYPES OF SPORT INJURIES
Muscle Ischaemia is accompanied by anaerobic glycolysis, the formation of lactate and depletion of high-energy phosphates within the extracellular fluid of the affected skeletal muscle tissue. When ischemia is prolonged it can result in loss of cellular homeostasis, disruption of ion gradients and breakdown of membrane phospholipids. The activation of neutrophils, the production of oxygen radicals and the release of vasoactive factors, during reperfusion, may cause further damage to local and remote tissues. However, the mechanisms of ischemia—reperfusion-induced muscle injury are not fully understood .
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Muscle injury
presents a challenging problem in traumatology and commonly occurs in sports. The injury can occur as a consequence of a direct mechanical deformation (as contusions, lacerations and strains) or due to indirect causes (such as ischemia and neurological damage) .
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Ankle sprains
In 1995 a study conducted at the Temple University suggested that patients treated with HBO returned approximately 30% faster than the control group after ankle sprain.
3. ligaments injury
HBO enhances structural protein synthesis and inhibits degradative processes.
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Fractures
Classical treatment with osteosynthesis and bone grafting is not always successful and the attempt to heal nonunion and complicated fractures, where the likelihood of infection is increased, is a challenge, in these complicated cases, HBO has an important role.
Prepared by Dr. Hanaa M. Nessim
Hyperbaric Consultant Red Sea
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